The Bozeman Trail was a particularly noteworthy target since that trail ran through land that were guaranteed to these tribes through the 1851 Treaty of Fort Laramie. In the Plains, a group of Lakota, Arapahoe, and Northern Cheyenne under Red Cloud regularly attacked wagon trains and settlers making their way through lands in present-day Montana and Wyoming. Towards the end of the Civil War, Congress established the Doolittle Commission to investigate “the present condition of the Indian tribes, especially into the manner in which they are treated by the civil and military authorities of the United States… and examine fully the conduct of Indian agents and superintendents.” The Commission found that there was rampant fraud and corruption in the BIA. In fact, the surrender documents are written in Parker’s handwriting. During the Civil War, Parker served on Grant’s staff and assisted with drafting the surrender documents Confederate General Robert E. Treasury in Galena, Illinois, while the Grant family lived there in 1860. Parker (whose tribal name was Hasanoanda, later Donehogawa), a Seneca Indian who was working as an engineer for the U.S. It is really my that the whole race would be harmless and peaceable if they were not put upon by the whites.” Grant also befriended Ely S. While stationed at Columbia Barracks in Washington Territory in 1853, Grant wrote to his wife Julia that “ about here are the most harmless people you ever saw. He noted during the Mexican-American War that many Mexican residents were of Indian ancestry. Grant had limited interactions with Indians during his time in the U.S. On the other hand, he supported continual population growth in the West through settler migration and territorial expansion. On the one hand, he called for reform in the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) and peaceful relations with Native Americans. government be upheld and that their lands be protected from this onslaught of settlers. Leaders of various Indian nations demanded that previous treaties with the U.S. A vast railroad infrastructure-including the nearly completed Transcontinental Railroad-was expanding by the day. A growing number of settlers were making their way to new states and territories in the West. Some of those questions revolved around the topic of westward expansion. President Grant, however, was still wrestling with major questions about the country’s future. At the time of his inauguration, the United States was several years removed from the end of the American Civil War. Grant was sworn in as the 18 th President of the United States on March 4, 1869.
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